UNGKAPAN BAHASA INGGRIS DALAM PRESENTASI MENGGUNAKAN ALAT BANTU VISUAL

A. Penjelasan

Alat bantu visual sangat berguna untuk memperkuat bahan presentasi anda. Berdasarkan hasil dari sebuah survey menunjukkan bahwa 10% dari isi presentasi yang mengandalkan bahasa verbal hanya bisa diingat oleh pendengar 3 hari setelah presentasi. Sedangkan jika menggunakan presentasi verbal ditambah visual maka 66% dari isi presentasi akan bisa diingat. Ini memperlihatkan bahwa alat bantu visual sangat penting dalam presentasi.

B. Alat Bantu Visual

1. Pie Chart

Pie chart dibuat dengan memberi warna yang berbeda untuk setiap bagian sehingga tampilannya akan lebih menarik dan memudahkan pendengar untuk membandingkan masing-masing data yang dipaparkan. Bagian dari pie chart biasanya ditandai dengan bentuk prosentase atau pecahan.

· 40% of students took TOEFL test.(prosentase: 40%)

· Nearly one fifth of student took IELTS test. (pecahan: 1/5)

Ungkapan yang bisa digunakan :

- As you can see here......is illustrated in this pie chart

- From this chart, it can be concluded ....

- This pie chart shows ....

- The blue pie indicates the most popular ...

- The biggest/smallest percentage ...

- The least popular product is ... and it is illustrated in the...

- The second/third/fourth popular product is ...

- The most commonly used product is .... as illustrated in the ....

2. Bar Chart

Bar chart sering disebut dengan diagram batang. Supaya menarik, warna pada setiap bar (batang) dibedakan sehingga memudahkan pendengar untuk membandingkan data.

Ungkapan yang biasa digunakan :

- From this bar chart, we can understand how / why ...

- This bar chart illustrates the figure of ...

- The horizontal axis represents ...

- The vertical axis represents ...

- The blue bar indicates ...

- The red bar indicates ... whereas the brwon bar indicates ...

- In 2010, the trend shows ...

- It is clear that the trend in 2009 indicates that ...

- In general, the bar indicates that ...

3. Line Graph

Line graph menggambarkan tren pergerakan data dari waktu ke waktu.

Grafik Naik Grafik Menurun

NOMINA	VERBA		NOMINA	VERBA
a rise an increase a climb	to rise to increase to climb		a decline a decrease a fall a drop	to decline to decrease to fall to drop

4. Flow Chart

Flow chart digunakan untuk memudahkan pendengar memahami cara kerja suatu sistem yang ditetapkan dan yang harus ditaati oleh semua pihak.

Ungkapan yang bisa digunakan :

- I’d like to draw your attention to this flow chart.

- If you look at this flow chart, you will see ...

- The flow chart explains/illustrates ...

- First/The first stage is ...

- Then/Next/After that, ...

- Finally/Lastly, ...

5. Tabel

Tabel digunakan untuk memudahkan pendengar untuk membandingkan data yang dipaparkan.

Ungkapan yang bisa digunakan ketika menggunakan tabel :

- Have a look at this table

- I’d like you to look at this table

- The number is listed across the top in the first row

- The kinds of test are listed on the left in the first column

- You can see the PC and laptop computer sales in this table

- The column in the left represents ...

- The number of students is listed down the side ...

- On the left in the second column ...

- On the right in the first cell, you can see ...

- The first and second cells indicate ...

6. Gambar atau Foto

Gambar atau foto yang berkaitan dengan isi presentasi dapat membantu memperjelas presentasi yang dipaparkan.

Ungkapan yang bisa digunakan :

- The next picture shows the ...

- Take a look at this photo, it illustrates ...

- I think the picture perfectly shows how/that ...

- Here is another picture. Have a look at the ...

- Now, you can see a picture of ...

- As you can see in the picture ...

- Let me use this picture to explain this ...

- The picture shows that ...

- In the next / following picture, you can see ...

Ungkapan lain yang menunjukkan posisi tertentu dalam gambar atau foto :

- At the top, on the right side ... (di bagian atas sebelah kanan)

- At the bottom, on the left side ... (di bagian bawah sebelah kiri)

- In middle/centre ... (di tengah-tengah)

- At the left corner ... (di pojok kiri)

- At the right corner ... (di pojok kanan)

- In the top left hand corner ... (di pojok kiri atas)

- In the top right hand corner ... (di pojok kanan atas)

Making and Using Variograms in Petrel

Making and Using Variograms in Petrel

1. Creating a variogram from an object’s Settings panel

2. Creating a variogram in the Modeling dialogs.

3. Making a variogram in the Data Analysis dialogs

3.1 Preparing to make variograms for facies models

3.2 Preparing to make variograms for continuous properties

4. Modeling the variogram in Data Analysis

5. Summary

There are three locations from which you can create variograms in Petrel:

- In the Settings panel for any data or grid object

- From the Facies Modeling and Petrophysical Modeling dialogs

- From the Data Analysis function under Property Modeling in the Process Diagram

The most interactive and robust methodology resides in the Data Analysis menus, and the least

interactive method involves simply filling in the pertinent parameters, such as Range, Sill, and

Nugget in the modeling dialogs themselves. The Settings panel provides a semi-interactive

method for creating variograms, but does have the advantage that several variograms can be seen

on the same display at once, and they are retained as graphic entities.

1. Creating a variogram from an object’s Settings panel

With this method, you create a graphic display for a Computation window by predefining the

variogram parameters as we will see below. You have the choice of creating a variogram map

which will automatically reveal the direction and degree of anisotropy, or a horizontal or vertical

experimental variogram which you can then edit and turn into a variogarm model for use in

property modeling. In Petrel, experimental variograms are called sample variograms.

1. Highlight the object and right-click on it, selecting “Settings”

2. In Settings , stretch the window to the right until you can see the tab

“Variogram”, then click on it.

3. In this tab, look at the “Hints” tab, then note that you can set the transform type

for the variogram, its orientation parameters, as well as the lag and search

radius before the computation begins.

4. After the sample variogram has been created, it will show up under the Variogram folder

in the Petrel Explorer.

5. If you then create a new Function window, you can display it as below:

6. Use the Make Variogram icon to turn the experimental variogram into your own

variogram model by setting the parameters appropriately in the dialog which appears:

7. Each variogram model you create will appear in the data hierarchy under Variograms, as

well as graphically in the Function window.

2. Creating a Variogram in the modeling dialogs.

Here, we see the dialog for Petrophysical Modeling. The dialog for Facies Modeling looks pretty

much the same. In this mode of creating a variogram, we cannot see the data, the experimental

variogram, nor the variogram model. We can only fill in the parameters we decide upon.

3. Making a variogram in the Data Analysis dialogs

Here, we have the best control over our variogram, although there does not seem to be a way to

apply this tool to arbitrary data such as scatter points or grids. It appears only to work with the

well logs.

Preparing to Make Variograms for Facies Models

1. Click on Data Analysis in the Property Modeling section of the Process Diagram

2. Click on the Variograms tab.

3. Select an upscaled facies grid whose variogram you wish to compute.

4. Select the Zone you wish to work with (data outside of this zone will not be seen).

5. Unlock the parameters so they are visible

6. Click on “Use the Raw Logs”

7. If you have chosen facies as your property, select which classification you want to make

the variogram for.

8. Now model the variogram according the to the instructions in the section “

Note: Even though all the raw data for one discrete facies class will have the same value, the

resulting variogram will provide valuable spatial information about its spatial distribution in

3 dimensions for algorithms such as Sequential Indicator Simulation. These variograms

which are computed for discrete data are actually different than those for continuous data.

Preparing to Make Variograms for Continuous Properties

If you have chosen a continuous property for which to compute a variogram, first decide if you

are going to condition your property values to certain facies distributions. Sometimes you have no

facies model and you will not have this choice. If you have gone to the trouble of making a facies

model, and you have at least a reasonable number of wells, then it would probably make sense to

do this. In this case, what you want to do is make separate variograms of the continuous property

for each of the facies. For example, make a separate variogram of porosity as it exists within the

channel, and others as it exists within, say, the levee and the plain. For each facies class, only the

data which is located there will be used. There is also an option of making a variogram for one

facies class and using (or copying) it in another.

1 – 6. So, to continue in the case of a continuous property, perform steps 1 through 6 above,

but pick a property in step 3.

8. Click the Facies button under Zones to condition to the facies, if you have them. Select

the facies model you wish to use. It may contain more than one facies classification. If

you do not select Facies, data for the entire property will be used and you can skip step 9.

9. Pick the facies classification whose variogram you want to compute.

10. Compute the variogram as outlined in “4.

4. Modeling the Variogram in Data Analysis

Here, we’ll go through the mechanics of creating a variogram model. All these steps are relevant

whether we are designing a variogram for the entire upscaled property, or for only part of it

associated with a particular facies.

4.1 Create the Horizontal Variogram

4.1.1 Determine anisotropy by using the “Settings” method for computing a

variogram map

- Right click “Settings” on the upscaled property you want to variogram

- Stretch the window open so you can see and click the Variogram tab

- Choose Variogram Map and Execute.

4.1.2 Open a map window and display the variogram to see if anisotropy is

revealed. In the example below, there does not seem to be any. If there is,

you should see a symmetrical display with the axis of symmetry being the

major azimuth of anisotropy

4.1.3 Compute experimental major variogram – click the “major” tab

4.1.3.1 Optimize the shape of the variogram point distribution by interactive

movement of the lag/azimuth icon:

Click/drag here for LAG

Click/drag here for AZIMUTH

Click/drag here for SEARCH ANGLE

- As yet undefined variogram model

- Histogram showing how many variogram cloud pairs were averaged

to compute the variogram point

- Experimental variogram points

- Default variogram model

Optimization of experimental variogram shape, continued...

+ By varying the azimuth, verify the direction of anisotropy, if any, as revealed by

the variogram map above. Changing the azimuth to the expected major direction

of anisotropy should reveal a clearer classic variogram shape in that direction.

+ with sparse data, increase search range and search angle

+ experiment with lag distance , seeing if one size produces a clearer or more classic

variogram shape

+ note the histogram in the background of the variogram. Use it to decide if a

particular variogram point is relevant and should be included in the model.

+ many times the points cannot be seen clearly until you drag the bottom of the entire

Data Analysis window downwards.

4.1.4 Model major variogram

4.1.4.1 Decide on the model Type (Exponential, Spherical, ...)

4.1.4.2 Interactively drag the Nugget Point where you think it should be

4.1.4.3 Interactively drag the Range Point where you think it should be

4.1.4.4 Click Apply to save the major variogram

Petrel Variogram Components

4.1.5 Compute experimental minor variogram and model it, if anisotropic

4.1.5.1 This step is unnecessary if the major azimuth is 0.0. Otherwise, click on the

Minor tab, then follow the same shape -optiomization and modeling steps

as for the major variogram, but note that you’ll not be able to change the

minor azimuth; it will always be normal to the major azimuth.

4.1.5.2 Click Apply to save the minor variogram

4.2 Create the Vertical Variogram

4.2.1 After you click on the Vertical tab, the procedure is exactly the same for this

variogram as for the major one above.

4.2.2 Click Apply to save the vertical variogram

5.0 Summary

We see that we must specify one property and one zone before we begin creating variograms.

But within those constraints, we can create variograms based on only the upscaled well log data

residing in the “seed” property grids, or based on all of the original data in the logs used for the

upscaling, or in the case of a fully defined grid, we can compute a variogram based on all of the

values in the grid.

We also have the ability to isolate only part of the property data, based on where it is located

relative to a particular facies in a multi-facies model (3D grid), and to create a variogram based

on that subset of data.

Once the variogram is saved, you can always return to Data Analysis and modify it if you like.

Variograms made in this way are also available for use during property population. Make sure

that you click on the icon in the modeling dialog which tells the system to “Use Variograms

Created in Data Analysis”. Note that even though these variograms are available to the modeling

algorithms, neither the variogram, nor its parameters can be seen from there. You must return to

the Data Analysis dialogs to be able to see the variograms and their parameters.

The variogram you see in the property/facies modeling menus is the default variogram used for

the modeling unless you click on the icon mentioned above. It has no relation to the variograms

computed in Data Analysis.